Translation in Advertising Essay Example for Free

Translation in Advertising Essay Modern mass media have triggered the distribution of the international advertizing activity. Nowadays, the translation of advertising has become not only necessary but also the daily phenomenon of life of the world community. Thus, the knowledge of theoretical bases of the process is not only an indispensable condition, but also the quality assurance of the translation. Like other production of the mass media – newspapers, magazines, TV programs, broadcasts, advertising is materialized in the form of the ready media text. And the concept â€Å"text† with the reference to the sphere of the mass information is used not only for a designation of an actual text verbal number, but also gets lines of dimensions and multidimensionality including such important for media production components as a visual number in its graphic or television embodiment, and also an audio number in the form of a product. Therefore, the concept â€Å"the advertising text† concerns not only a verbal number, but also includes a set of all linguistic significant components, somehow: schedules, images, sound, etc.  where the concrete set depends on a mass-media-carrier. Such interpretation of a concept ‘the advertising text’ finds the reflection in works of many English-speaking researchers, in particular, in Angela Goddars The Language Book of Advertising which writes: â€Å"The word ‘text’ here (as applied to advertising) is used in its widest sense, including visual artifacts as well as verbal language†. While translating advertising texts it is necessary to consider the purpose of the advertising message, the character of the consumer, the language qualities of the text of the original, the cultural and individual possibilities of the language in the cultural aspect of the consumer and many other things. Translation of texts in advertising can be defined as close to â€Å"adequate†. Such type of translation is caused by its practical necessity. The given approach demands good knowledge of the translator of the subject discussed in the original, the translator should understand what the author of the advertising text, i.e. communicative intention of the advertising text, wanted to say. Translation of the advertising text at change of the verbal form should be, at the same time, precisely transferred in meaning. While translating English-speaking advertising texts, in some cases Russian translators dont translate the text and give its â€Å"semantic equivalent†. For example: â€Å"What legs! Much more than legs! OMSA knows how to be admired! † (From Paris to the Find Omsa the best stockings! ); â€Å"Betcha can’t eat just one† (Zahrustish – you will not resist! ). The choice of this or that way or translating depends on a lot factors. It can be both the character of the text being translated, and the audience of the consumer of advertising production, psychological features of the translator, and his /her adherence of a certain literary tradition. For many experts in advertising activity the foreign language text serves only as a means for understanding the idea of an advertised product, the text is often written from scratch in the language of the country of the consumer, taking into account its national specificity. When the exact translation of the text represented is for any reasons undesirable, the translator uses the phrases that are approximate in meaning; the phrases should necessarily consider traditional ethnic, national and social features, stereotypes of behavior of a concrete audience at whom the product in the advertising text is directed. If the audience on whom the text of an advertised product is focused is various, translators use exclusively common lexicon that is clear to each native speaker and has wide application in a daily dialogue. If the target audience is homogeneous, translators dont use in the advertizing text the words that have certain restrictions in the use. They carefully select the words included in the advertising text with the reference to their stylistic conformity, to the chosen theme, the product and the audience. In the case when the advertising campaign is focused on the narrow homogeneous audience having its own social or professional metalanguage, the use of slangy words and words of professionalism is not forbidden to the translator, but, moreover, it is welcomed. The reference to literary, cultural and historical traditions is â€Å"the powerful weapon† for the founders of advertising. At the same time similar phenomena represent certain difficulties at interpretation and perception of the text. The use of citations, hints, deformed idioms, and also the words of another language assumes the presence of the general background knowledge of the founder of the text and its addressee. A similar phenomena gets special importance in advertising of the goods displayed in  the international market as in this case there is required some adaptation of advertising messages to the audience they are addressed; with the reference to peculiarities of the language picture of the world. Advertising texts should be characterized by clarity, brightness, laconicism, extravagance, highly professional execution, as its main objective – to draw attention, to raise interest and to stimulate sale. To achieve this purpose the composers of the advertizing text appeal to the use of various linguistic and psychological devices. Therefore, in advertising messages on the â€Å"the limited space† it is possible to observe the highest concentration of various stylistic devices. â€Å"Having the purpose of intensive concentrated influence, advertising uses a rich spectrum of expressive means at all language levels†. [1] Allegory, a metaphor, comparison, parallelism, various kinds of repetitions, alliteration, an onomatopoeia, concentration of imperative forms of a verb and connotive adjectives – all these are widely represented in advertising texts. So, for example, D. Dajer characterizes features of language of advertizing as follows: â€Å"Advertising language is of course loaded language. Its primary aim is to attract our attention and dispose us favorably towards the product or service on offer. Advertisers use language quite distinctively: there are certainly advantages in making bizarre and controversial statements in unusual ways as well as communicating with people using simple, straightforward language †¦ Catching our attention and imagination and aiding memory are perhaps the primary functions of advertising languages: usual or stylish words and short, crisp sentences are easy to repeat and remember. And our memories are also served by brand names, slogans and catch-phrases, rhythm and rhyme, alliteration, snatches of song and verse and of course endless repetition†. [3, p. 140] As one of the major components of the advertising text is the description of advertised goods or services, attributive combinations that include adverbs and adjectives bear the big functional loading. Some researchers even name the adverbs and adjectives the keywords of the advertising text and pay to them special attention. â€Å"If you listen to any commercial or glance at advertisements in magazines, you will be subjected to a liberal sprinkling of adverbs and adjectives. There are key parts of speech for advertisers. They are the trigger words because they can stimulate envy, dreams and desires by evoking looks, touch, taste, smell without actually misrepresenting a product†. Adjectives and adverbs help to create that unique tonality of an advertising appeal which allows to transfer qualities and advantages of an advertised subject. While translating into other language this circumstance should be necessarily considered: â€Å"Radiant, sensual, sophisticated, Jadore is a fragrance that celebrates the renaissance of extreme femininity and the power of spontaneous emotion with a brilliant bouquet of orchids, the velvet touch of Damascus plum and the mellowness of Amarante wood† (Shining, sensual, difficult, Jadore – aroma which celebrates the Renaissance of extreme feminity and the power of direct emotion with a brilliant bouquet of orchids, velvet contact of Damask plum, and ripeness of wood of an amaranth). [3, p. 149] In translation process of advertising texts adjectives and adverbs are used for the description of the most various properties of an advertised product – forms, the size, the quality, the cost, sensations which the given product causes. The adjectives that are most used in English-speaking advertising concern: natural, sensual, innocent, passionate, romantic, mysterious, good, better, best, free, fresh, delicious, full sure, clean, wonderful, special, fine, big, great, real, easy, bright, extra, rich, gold. Often there are the adjectives specifying the authenticity of a trade mark genuine, authentic and original. But, perhaps, the champion of frequency in English-speaking advertising there is an adjective ‘new’ he can be met practically in every second advertising text. On syntactical level it is possible to name such most significant signs of the advertising text as the frequent use of imperative forms of a verb that considerably strengthens dynamism of an advertising appeal (see, buy, fly). â€Å"They fell in love with her when she started wearing that Sexplosion perfume. That perfume really attracts boys! Buy some! † Very often in advertising texts there is a metaphor, while translating it the translator needs to show a great creative potential: â€Å"Plop plop, fizz fizz, oh what a relief it is! † (Advertizing Alka-Seltzer: â€Å"Fun without a hang-over! †); â€Å"The quicker picker-upper† (advertizing of chocolate Bounty: â€Å"Bounty. Paradise pleasure†). Or on the contrary, while translating a usual advertising slogan into Russian the translator uses a metaphor: â€Å"Mr.Clean will clean your whole house and everything thats in it† (â€Å"Mr. Proper all has washed also apartment has freshened†; â€Å"With Mr. Proper is more cheerful, houses purely twice faster! †); â€Å"If it’s gotta be clean, it’s gotta be Tide† (â€Å"Cleanliness – Tajd is pure! †). References: 1. ДÐ ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ »Ã ¾Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã' , Ð ¢. Г. Ð’Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã'‹ Ð ¸Ã ·Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ð ¼Ã µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã ° Ã'‚Ð µÃ ºÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ². – ÐÅ". : ÐÅ"Ð ÃÅ¡Ã ¡ ПÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã' . 2000. 2. Ð §Ã °Ã ³Ã °Ã ½, Ð . Г. Ð  Ã µÃ ºÃ »Ã °Ã ¼Ã ° Ð ² Ã' Ã ¾Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¾Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ð »Ã'Å'Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¼ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µ: Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'  Ð ¸ Ã' Ã ¾Ã ²Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' // ÐÅ"Ð °Ã'€Ð ºÃ µÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ³ Ð ² Ð  Ã ¾Ã' Ã' Ã ¸Ã ¸ Ð ¸ Ð ·Ã ° Ã'â‚ ¬Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã µÃ ¶Ã ¾Ã ¼. 2000. â„â€" 2. 3. Dyer, G. Advertising as Communication. – London. 1995.

Abraham Lincoln :: essays research papers

Abraham Lincoln was born Feb. 12, 1809, in Hardin County, Kentucky. His parents were both born in Virginia. his mother, who died when he was ten years old, of a family of the name of Hanks. His father. Who moved from Kentucky to Indiana when he was eight years old. He said â€Å"It was a wild region, with many bears and other wild animals still in the woods. There I grew up.... Of course when I came of age I did not know much. Still somehow, I could read, write, and cipher ... but that was all." Lincoln made extraordinary efforts to attain knowledge while working on a farm, splitting rails for fences, and keeping a store at New Salem, Illinois. He was a captain in the Black Hawk War, spent eight years in the Illinois legislature, and rode the circuit of courts for many years. His law partner said of him, "His ambition was a little engine that knew no rest." He married Mary Todd, they had four children togather, only one of them lived to maturity, the rest died at an early age. In 1858 Lincoln ran against Stephen A. Douglas for Senator. He lost the election, but in debating with Douglas he gained a national reputation that won him the Republican nomination for President in 1860. As President, he built the Republican Party into a strong national organization. Further, he rallied most of the northern Democrats to the Union cause. On January 1, 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation freed the slaves within the Confederacy. Lincoln never let the world forget that the Civil War involved an even larger issue. This he stated most movingly in dedicating the military cemetery at Gettysburg: "that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain--that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom--and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Why Guns Should not be Banned

Did you know you are 4 times more likely to be killed with a knife or other cutting instrument than you are by a rifle or a shotgun? Gun rights and gun control are always hot items during any political discussion, whether it is between peers or politicians. One of the many great advantages to being an American is the ability to choose for one's own self what to believe in. Another advantage, in my opinion, is the right of the people to keep and bear arms.Laws should not restrict gun rights because first, it would infringe the second amendment, second, guns are a part of our culture, and finally, if guns were outlawed, citizens of the U. S. would become vulnerable. The most prevalent argument for gun rights is the second amendment to the Constitution of the United States. The second amendment is broken into two clauses; the justification clause and the rights clause. The justification clause is, â€Å"A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state. † And the rights clause is, â€Å"the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.†This idea is important to a country founded upon revolution, and is in the Constitution for the chance that we will have to revolt again so, as democratic Americans, we cannot allow the government to strip us of our rights. America was founded on the thought of being able to make our own ideas and options for our lives. A free man must be able to protect himself and that was the idea of the founding fathers when they made the second amendment. The act of banning firearms would directly defy what our founding fathers thought best for our nation.Our country was founded on the right to be free from tyranny. Individual ownership of guns was one of those rights to make sure the government couldn’t overrun the people. If the government was to put a ban on weapons, it would make it all the easier for politicians to take over the nation. Gun ownership also made it possible to create local militias to protect our country and to keep other countries from invading. For example, if our nation was invaded by another country and 6 out of every ten people owned a gun; the invaders would have a lot harder time taking over America.Many Americans consider owning guns as part of their culture considering our nation was founded using weapons. Ever since the first people came to America, guns have been a huge part of their lives. As stated by Washingtonpost, It started with New England Indians trying to drive out settlers in King Philip’s War in 1675. Some 5 to 10 percent of settler men of fighting age were killed. Laws soon required settlers to keep firearms in their homes. In the 1700s the Kentucky rifle was invented and was the symbol of frontier independence.As also stated on Washingtonpost, George Washington encouraged â€Å"the use of Hunting Shirts, with long Breeches made of the same Cloth . . . it is a dress justly supposed to carry no small terror t o the enemy, who think every such person a complete marksman. † The 19th century brought the mass production of gun making through Samuel Colt. He also invented the famous Colt pistol. Cowboys carried the colt the way noblemen carried swords, as symbols of their status. In World War II, veterans brought home guns as trophies.Guns get handed down through generations and are symbols of patriarchy. They are also a symbol of protection for the home, fighting for liberation and family tradition. Many families have traditions of hunting together and this started back in the days of the settlers when they had to provide food for their families. These traditions have been passed on from generation to generation. Through the years in the United States hunting has become a family tradition.According to Statisticbrain, The total number of people over the age of 16 that hunt annually is over 12.6 million. Families used to hunt to feed themselves, and even younger children were taught to h unt to help contribute to their family’s survival. Over the years it has changed but the tradition of hunting together is still passed down from one generation to another. While hunting for meat is no longer a necessity, wild game is still much better for you and healthier than meat bought in a grocery store. Hunting also requires a person to take a class in Hunter Safety before they can legally hunt, where firearm safety and shooting skills are taught.Hunting as a family is a bonding experience where time is spent outside together instead of indoors sitting down watching television or playing video games. There is a saying that goes â€Å"Take your kids hunting and you won’t have to hunt for your kids† – kids who are involved with their families more and spend time doing things they enjoy together are much less likely to get in trouble. People who grow up learning how to handle guns safely and respect firearms are much less likely to use one irresponsibl y.The third and final reason a gun ban would be detrimental to the U.S. is that the citizens would become vulnerable. As stated by CNN John Lott, economist and gun-rights advocate, has extensively studied mass shootings and reports that, with just one exception, the attack on U. S. Rep. Gabrielle Giffords in Tucson, Arizona, in 2011, every public shooting since 1950 in the U. S. in which more than three people have been killed has taken place where citizens are not allowed to carry guns The massacres at Sandy Hook Elementary, Columbine, Virginia Tech and the Century 16 movie theater in Aurora, Colorado, all took place in gun-free zones.The deranged and deeply disturbed murders aren’t dumb. They shoot up places where they know there will be no resistance. Maybe gun free zones should be labeled â€Å"defenseless victim zones†. A good reason guns shouldn’t be outlawed was stated by CNN, In 2007, a gunman entered New Life Church in Colorado Springs and shot and kill ed two girls. Jeanne Assam, a former police officer stationed as a volunteer security guard at the church, drew her firearm, shot and wounded the gunman before he could kill anyone else.The gunman then killed himself. According to Hackpad 74% agreed that â€Å"One reason burglars avoid houses when people are at home is that they fear being shot. Homes that have guns are much safer then homes without. As you can see, there are many reasons on why the government shouldn’t ban guns. These reasons include, but are not limited to the facts that it would directly infringe the second amendment; guns are part of our culture, and United States citizens would become too vulnerable to crime.Gun rights are not merely a topic of political discussion, but a discussion of survival and freedom. Restricting firearms for public self-defense doesn't make citizens safer but it makes them targets. Guns in the hands of qualified and trained individuals subject to background checks prevent crime a nd improve public safety. Remember, a gun doesn’t make you a killer; killing makes you a killer. People can kill with a car or a baseball bat, but no one is trying to ban you from driving to the ballgame.

Open Health A Research Prospectus On HMIS Research - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2517 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Information Systems Essay Type Essay any type Level High school Did you like this example? Open Health: A research prospectus on HMIS research Introduction Change management decision models based on shifts within the global economic order have forced administrators to seek new systems and relationships of oversight as organizations switch from traditional vertical work relationships to horizontal interactions. Much of the insight built into recommendations toward better change management models has been developed in scientific fields of practice. The interest in management of knowledge by science communities, and especially the integration of practice into localized IT systems has long been promoted by consultants and advisors to those fields, whom look to channels of facilitation as viable strategies toward competition in the context of change. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Open Health: A Research Prospectus On HMIS Research" essay for you Create order The popularity of IT systems management as strategic model for practice field growth, as well as a core competency for institutional change, is well established. Cost cutting and innovative, IT knowledge sharing networks expand the options of institutions and professionals. Competitiveness now equates with interface with the highest calibre artificial intelligence in advancement of human potential toward global solutions that promise to enhance a new generation in oversight. Andrew Grove, former CEO of Intel once observed that â€Å"only paranoid firms survive, primarily because they continuously analyse their external environments and competition, but also because they continuously innovate† (Hitt et al. 1995). Groves assertions are echoed by many corporate executives, whom have become sold on the constancy of research and development as the single most powerful source of competitive capital in organizations faced with ‘new market competition. For instance, the equity of ‘value is a price statement or ‘proposition, as well as a method of translating brand identity within the market through illustrated performance of a product. For service organizations, structural response to delivery is still inherent to value. Practice settings are environments desire synthetic opportunities to forge alliances between internal and external forces as they navigate against risk. Value increases continuously, and incrementally as capitalization is realized in relation to those activities. Early responses to the local-global equation looked to structural articulation in what became known as ‘matrix organizations that allowed for retention of rational-analytical choice models, with modified response through process-oriented incremental decision. More recent organizational approaches, and especially in capital intensive fields such as IT, offer support for the benefit of incremental decision making with the salient distinction betwe en the form and function of decisions. Content in both cases is driven by challenges to productivity, and executive direction is now more than before forced to consider incremental decision making as strategic option, despite the fact that rational choice inevitably overrides constant reinvention (Tiwana, A. et al. 2006). Responsive to the aforementioned challenges in the emergent healthcare environment, leaders looking to new IT HMIS operations systems are seeking change management solutions that will enable them to forge lean and agile strategic growth models in settings known for fiscal and resource waste. Six Sigma approaches to analysis have allowed businesses to streamline operations through combined methodologies of analysis (Edgeman and Dugan 2008). In the past ten years there has been increased demand for seamless service between hospitals, clinics and multidisciplinary teams concerned with the wellbeing of patients and their families. Healthcare organizations se eking competitive and more efficient options to serving patients now look to IT Healthcare Management Information Systems (HMIS) for optimizing capacity both in terms of finance and in standard of care to patients (Tan and Payton 2010). Despite the upfront costs of planning and implementation that go into introduction of new IT systems into an existing HMIS setting, integrated operations enable the advancement of fiscal and other controls not previously realized due to time lapse, as well as precision in every step of the service provision process from decoupling point between allocations to actual delivery of patient services. If efficiency in information is directly linked to ‘duty of a reasonable standard of care within hospitals and healthcare institutions, the benefits to those organizations in terms of direction and better control of liability issues through information channels, offers new promise in terms of comprehensive patient care through â€Å"patient-cen tric management systems,† and ultimately sustainable organizational growth (Tan and Payton 2010). The foregoing research proposal outlines the development of HMIS in the medical field of practice in the United Kingdom. Literature Review The 1990s marked the dawn of knowledge sharing systems in the space science industry, and the landmark mission deployed by NASA IT engineers in the development of what would come to be known as a Competency Management System (an online system that maps individuals to their competencies). Out of that seed project, the 2005 initiation of the NASA Engineering Network (NEN) was formed under the Office of the Chief Engineer in furtherance of the space agencys knowledge-sharing capacity. Coinciding with a to benchmarked study with U.S. Navy, U.S. Army Company Command, the U.S. Department of Commerce, and Boeing Corporation, the NEN network enables â€Å"peers and experts through communities of practice, search multiple repositories from one central search engine, and find experts† (Topousis, D.E. et al. 2009). The research study follows this idea, and proposes to contribute to three (3) bodies of literature pertinent to the field of knowledge sharing: 1) General history of I T integration as change management strategy for advancement of purpose in science; 2) studies on the development of IT networks of practice within the health science community in particularly and the development of heath management information systems (HMIS); 3) literature dedicated to risk mitigation and compliance within legislative policy, and elements of security within institutional networks subject to oversight by chief information officers (CIO). Invitation of recognized Technical Fellows noted in their discipline to facilitate their respective community of practice within the network set the pace for portal integration of human resource tools, such as jSpace. The platform can be utilized as communicator/research source for professional recruitment to projects and permanent roles. Links to related associations and professional societies offer participating fellows and partners access to an integrated contact source of engineers, â€Å"while fostering an environment of sharing across geographical and cultural boundaries.† The next step in NASA NEN is incorporation into the larger NASA Enterprise Search, and potential accommodation of oft requested ITAR-restricted information. The extension of the NASA space science knowledge sharing concept has done two things: 1) further the advancement of space science objectives through KMS (Knowledge Management Systems) and PMS (Plan Management Systems) toward design and launch of multinational space missions; and 2) extend the idea of an IT integrated field of scientific practice to other scientists in distinct fields of practice throughout the scientific community (Quattrone and Hopper 2004). The emergent emphasis in organizational theory on IT Healthcare Management Information Systems (HMIS) as presented by Tan and Payton (2010), initiates query into the integration of extended practice setting networks. Interested in the advancement of IT platforms and software driven data bases as solutio n to change operations in global institutions, the search for approaches that succeed at meeting core competencies through risk reduction and resource maximization are the most sought after technologies for the betterment of the ‘total organization. The new IT systems offer interconnectivity between operational units within healthcare institutions, and link human intelligence to the logistics data analysis for in-depth insight into the history of expenditures and allocation requests. Some institutions have joined supply chain cooperatives in their region to further enhance the use of network logistics and stem of the flow of fiscal waste – a persistent concern within healthcare organizations – saving literally hundreds of millions of dollars annually (Healthcare Finance News, 2010). Healthcare Management Information Systems (HMIS) offer integrated systems platforms and applications to the entire range of chain operations management activities within and between institutions that provide patient care. Consistent with the emergent interests in organizational knowledge sharing networks, healthcare institutions are looking to IT solutions for a number of reasons, and especially the growing impetus toward: 1) healthcare provider connectivity; 2) increased focus in tracking and management of chronic diseases; 3) heightened patient expectations regarding personal input in care process; 4) market pressures driving hospital-physician alignment; and 5) advances in the technological facilitation of systems operability in this area (Tan and Payton, 2010). Design of systems architecture from institution to institution still varies, as data management and interconnectivity may be distinct and also subject to existing ‘legacy systems issues that might be incorporated in the new HMIS model. The core competency of HMIS is the more ephemeral side of systems planning which is the knowledge sharing path – where data and informat ion become meaningful. The other key components to consideration of HMIS integration include: 1) the basic hardware, software and network schema; 2) process, task and system(s); 3) integration and inoperability aspects; and 4) user, administration and/or management inputs and oversight. For instance, IT HMIS designed to enhance the networking of financial operations in hospital institutions must be especially responsive to the growing complications in the US insurance industry as product options such as bundled claims force institutions into synchronous attention to patient demands. Convenience and competitive pressures to supply those services supersede mere fiscal allocation in service to patients amidst conglomerate interests in the healthcare industry (Monegain, 2010). Chief Information Officers (CIO) are critical to the administration and planning of HMIS systems, and in particular, security measures and oversight of privacy protections. Unlike Chief Executive Officers (CEO) that serve as the primary responsible party for general governance, the CIO is more directly involved in the scientific praxis of organizational management; as precision in systems that retain data for record, and for analysis toward organizational growth are in their hands. CIOs are increasingly drawn into this external environment based on the nature of transactional relationships, as they are called upon to find IT systems of accountability within their own institutions (cio.com, 2010). Regulation of computer and telecommunications activities in the UKs Computer Misuse Act (CMA) of 1990 has impact in regard to the stipulations pertaining to definitions of personal and professional use of HMIS by employees, partners and clients (Crown Prosecution Service Advice on CMA 1990). Aims and Objectives to the study The aim of the research is to study successful approaches to knowledge sharing, risk reduction and resource maximization through HMIS IT systemization. The most sought after technologies are those that expedite a ‘total organizational approach to information management. The goal of the research is to conduct a Six Sigma analysis of an IT based knowledge sharing infrastructure of a scientific community of practice. In spite of the nascent value of space science as a critical beginning to baseline assumptions the study proposes to survey the development of HMIS in the medical field in the United Kingdom. The three (3) core objectives to the study on healthcare IT infrastructure will be: 1) review of HMIS infrastructure as it is understood by healthcare administration in contract with systems engineers; 2) fiscal accountability is the second priority objective toward the goal of projected and actual capitalization on IT systemization in the practice setting; and 3) the sig nificance of quality control of those systems in relation to government reporting and policy. Methodological Consideration Methodologies to the study will be implemented toward building a portfolio of practice on HMIS in the British healthcare industry based on data drawn from the following sources: Survey of lead UK health institutions The structured Survey instrument will be comprised of (50) questions and will be circulated in the HMIS practice community in the UK. A series of open queries at the end of the Survey will offer an opportunity to CIOs and IT administrators to contribute unique knowledge about their systems. Interviews with CIO Depth content to the research will be drawn from two (2) semi-structured Interviews with CIOs selected from information obtained from data generated in the Survey. Findings on the development of HMIS onsite in those chosen institutions will open up a new field of query into the actual challenges faced in planning, implementation and updated maintenance of architectural systems as new enterprise systems come on the market. Policy and procedure will also be discussed, as well as extended referral networks. 3. Internet Research a. Patient Research. Review of patient interface with HMIS portals at lead organizations and community healthcare providers. b. Aggregate Index. Research Data collected from healthcare industry indexes toward furtherance of trend analyses. c. Risk Management. Recommended best practices, policy and security protocol toward risk management of fiscal information, institutional and staff privacy and non-disclosure of patient record will be investiga ted. Review of open source software as protective measure as well as sufficient firewalls, intrusion detection, and encryption. Sources and Acquisition of Data Acquisition of data on the study will be conducted in three phases: 1) Survey; 2) Interviews; and 3) Internet. Phases 1 and 2 will focus on CIO and other lead IT staff in selected UK healthcare institutions, and incorporate information from the two instruments, as well as augmentation of the research with information on engineer consultancy relationships that they have worked with, and institutional documentation on HMIS and unit databases. Phase 3 will be conducted consecutive to the latter two phases of the research toward supplementation of policy and other details to the project. Data Analysis Examination of standardized taxonomies to open source database repositories used in HMIS will serve to further data analysis: Customer Relations Management (CRM); Electronic Health Records (EHR); Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP); Personal Health Records (PHR); and Supply Chain Management (SCM) dedicated to total operations management control, patient referral and professional knowledge sharing (Tan and Payton, 2010). Analysis of data on the project will be based on a Six Sigma solutions oriented approach. Table 1 Approach Description ITIL Area Charter Defines the case, project goals of the organization Policy and Procedures Drill Down Tree Process Drill Down Tree Engineering Process Unit Oversight FMEA Failure Modes Effects Analysis Risk Assessment QFD Quality Function Deployment Compliance SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats Planning and Implementation (ongoing for future inputs) Trend Analysis Aggregate Narrative HMIS industry trends Table 1: Six Sigma methodologies for analysis of HMIS survey, interview and internet archive sources. References Computer Misuse Law, 2006. Parliament UK. Available at: https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmhansrd/cm090916/text/90916w0015.htm#09091614000131 Crown Prosecution Service Advice on CMA 1990. Available at: https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/a_to_c/computer_misuse_act_1990 Edgeman, Rick L. and Dugan, J. P., 2008. Six Sigma for Government IT: Strategy Tactics for Washington D.C. Available at: https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~redgeman/RLE/PUBS/Edgeman-Dugan.pdf Hitt, Black Porter, 1995. Management. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Prentice Hall. Jones, R.E., et al., 1994. Strategic decision processes in matrix organizations. European Journal of Operational Research, 78 (2), 192-203 Monegain, B. N.C. health system to launch bundled payment pilot. Healthcare Finance News, 22 June 2010. Available at: https://www.healthcarefinancenews.com Quattrone, Paolo and Hopper, T., 2004. A ‘time-space odyssey: management control systems in two multination al organizations. Accounting Organizations and Society 30, 735-754. The imperative to be customer-centric IT leaders (2010). CIO.com. Available at: www.cio.com Tan, J. and Payton, F.C., 2010. Adaptive Health Management Information Systems: Concepts, Cases, Practical Applications, Third Edition. Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Tiwana, A. et al. (2006). Information Systems Project Continuation in Escalation Situations: A Real Options Model. Decision Sciences, 37 (3), 357-391. Topousis, D.E. et al., 2009. Enhancing Collaboration Among NASA Engineers through a Knowledge Sharing System. Third IEEE International Conference on Space Mission Challenges for Information Technology. Pasadena, CA: Jet Propulsion Laboratory.